|
21 January 1953
|
|
Research
Committee formed.
The founders of the college wanted it to encourage, guide and
co-ordinate research into the problems of general practice. The
college was to be a centre for family doctors to pool knowledge and
experience. Advertisements were placed in the BMJ and
The Lancet asking for those who were interested in
research to place their name on the college’s research register. A
research advisory panel was formed to co-ordinate research and give
advice and guidance. Early topics to be investigated were
"value of the use of sulphonamides and antibiotics in the
prevention of the complications of measles" and " a
collection of morbidity statistics."
|
|
April 1953
|
|
Research
Newsletter launched.
It proposed the establishment of research fellowships and
prizes. Originally it was distributed only to members of the
research register and aimed to keep members in touch with the with
the activities of the Research Committee. By 1956 it was being
published quarterly and was made available to the general public at
a cost of 3s 6d per copy but was free to College members. It was
later split into two publications - The Journal of the College of
General Practitioners [later BJGP] and Between
Ourselves.
|
|
1954
|
|
Epidemic observation
unit founded in Surrey by G I Watson. It had close links
with the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Medical Research
Unit. The Unit operated a warning card system whereby members of
the research register would notify the unit of any localised
epidemic or a particular illness with details of the presenting
symptoms. All members in the locality would then would then be sent
a yellow card to notify the unit of similar cases. A purple or red
warning card might be sent to all members of the register if there
was a high incidence of a particular disease.
|
|
1954
|
|
Research study groups formed including
respiratory tract diseases; hereditary diseases; ear, nose and
throat; psychosomatic diseases and asthma in children.
|
|
1955
|
|
First morbidity
survey.
Plans for the collection of
national morbidity statistics in general practice were initiated in
1953 and involved discussions with the Registrar General's
Department and the Chief Medical Statistician. A questionnaire to
identify practice profile was prepared and record cards designed. A
pilot was undertaken in February 1955 and the project started on
1st May 1955 with 108 practices covering a population of 400,000.
Material was coded according to the International Classification of
Diseases and analysed by the Registrar General's
Department.
|
|
1956
|
|
The Complications of Measles
investigation reported. This study had lasted
two years and involved 130 members of the research register. The
Lancet commented "This is a venture to be warmly welcomed; for it
should provide information about a group of patients not available
for study by hospital research teams. If the type of work is new,
so are the difficulties facing those who undertake it and the
report makes this clear." (Lancet, 1956, 2, 345).
|
|
1956
|
|
Acute chest
infections study group reports [BMJ 1956, I, 1516].
|
|
1956
|
|
Chronic
bronchitis study group formed.
|
|
1956
|
|
Epilepsy study
started.
|
|
1956
|
|
Midlands faculty carry out
research into the use of vitamin b12 to treat herpes
zosta.
|
|
1956
|
|
Questionnaire on incidents of
pink disease published in research
newsletter.
|
|
1956
|
|
South West England faculty
research into daffodil dermatitis.
|
|
1956
|
|
The Epidemic Observation
Unit reported on an outbreak of 200 cases in Lowestoft of
an illness characterised by pyrexia, headache, neck rigidity and
vomiting.
|
|
May 1956
|
|
Between
Ourselves launched as
an alternative to the Newsletter. It was produced by members of the
Research Committee and circulated to members of the Research
Register. It included current research, in-house reports on
research not suitable for inclusion in the Newsletter.
|
|
1957
|
|
South West faculty carry out
obstetric survey.
|
|
1957
|
|
Working party of the Research
committee formed to plan a study of the incidence of
diabetes mellitus in the community.
|
|
1957
|
|
Scottish council start a
maternity services enquiry.
|
|
Feb 1958
|
|
Research Newsletter becomes
Journal of the College of General
Practitioners.
|
|
23 Nov 1958
|
|
Conference
on Dyspepsia.
|
|
1958
|
|
Retirement study into rates of morbidity
experienced after retirement.
|
|
1958
|
|
Commencement of studies into
farmers lung and
hypertension.
|
|
1958
|
|
Formation of cancer study group.
|
|
1958
|
|
Report in financing of general practice
research.
|
|
1959
|
|
Drug addiction working party.
|
|
1959
|
|
College Classification of
Diseases published for continuous recording of morbidity
statistics.
|
|
1960
|
|
Migraine
study
|
|
1960
|
|
Glaucoma
survey
|
|
1960
|
|
Study group on
alcoholism
|
|
1960
|
|
Survey of clinical
forensic medicine
|
|
1961
|
|
Chronic bronchitis working party
reconstituted.
|
|
1961
|
|
Rubella among family
contacts survey
|
|
1962
|
|
Formation of Research
Foundation Board (later Sicentific Foundation Board) to
help finance general practitioner research.
|
|
1962
|
|
Records and statistical unit for
continuous morbidity recording in general practice and the
provision of statistical advice to members established in
Birmingham. It was run by D L Crombie with a statistical advisor [K
W Cross], a full time statistician, an assistant and a secretary.
Illnesses were recorded in "E" books. The unit initiated a method
of studying the prevalence of communicable and certain respiratory
diseases by means of a weekly returns from the observer group.
[Birmingham Research Unit Archives]
|
|
1963
|
|
Publication of "A guide
to research in General Practice"
|
|
1963
|
|
Toxic reaction
register
|
|
1963
|
|
Amended classification of
disease published [JCGP 1963, 6, 204].
|
|
1963
|
|
Establishment of research
advisory service
|
|
1963
|
|
Measles vaccine trial
|
|
1964
|
|
Tamar Valley soil study
|
|
1964
|
|
Survey on the "Outcome of
Pregnancy" to correlate the various aspects of the
environment of mothers in early pregnancy.
|
|
1965
|
|
Cystic fibrosis
survey
|
|
1965
|
|
Oral
contraception working party.
|
|
1965
|
|
Epsom College schoolchildren survey.
|
|
1965
|
|
Mental illness
survey
|
|
27 July
1966
|
|
Conference on "Oral
contraception".
|
|
1966
|
|
Survey of medical
centres. "The advent of medical centres appears to
have made it easier for general practitioners to make fuller use of
their local hospital and its various departments.
|
|
1966
|
|
Formation of
Research department. "The maintenance of high
standards of research recording in general practice has never been
so difficult. There are now fewer doctors in practice and their
capacity to meet the needs of their patients is severely strained.
Research work must never be undertaken at the expense of patient
care and is an addition to the practitioner’s heavy load. If
standards are to be maintained every possible step must be taken to
lighten the extra commitments that so many general practitioners
now voluntarily assume."
|
|
1966
|
|
Epidemic observation unit inquiry
into reactions to measles vaccines
|
|
1966
|
|
Epidemic observation unit inquiry
into febrile convulsions
|
|
1966
|
|
Epidemic observation unit inquiry
into intra-uterine rubella
|
|
1966
|
|
Completion of air
pollution study
|
|
1966
|
|
Completion of multiple
sclerosis study
|
|
1966
|
|
Completion of roadside
lead health study
|
|
1966
|
|
Surname study
(S.W. England/Eire/Newfoundland) to study morbidity patterns with
families of same name.
|
|
1966
|
|
South East faculty complete
hernia study
|
|
1966
|
|
Research and
education advisory service working party.
|
|
1966
|
|
Congenital
abnormalities survey.
|
|
1966
|
|
Recording
systems working party – to consider the principles of
record systems for medical care in relation to advances in data
handling.
|
|
1966
|
|
Nutrition in
pregnancy survey.
|
|
1967
|
|
Formation of Welsh
soils discussion group
|
|
1967
|
|
Completion of oral
contraceptives and venous thrombosis study.
|
|
1968
|
|
Scottish conference on
"Morbidity recording".
|
|
1968
|
|
Manchester research unit
established.
|
|
1969
|
|
Course "Research methods
in general practice".
|
|
1969
|
|
Practice
characteristics study
|
|
1969
|
|
The use of ancillaries study
|
|
1969
|
|
Outcome of laryngectomy study
|
|
1969
|
|
Academic review
working party. This was a wide reaching committee which looked at
what the College had achieved in the areas of examination,
education and research, publications, relationships with other
bodies and looked at when was going to be the changes and
priorities for the next ten years. This resulted in "Present State
and Future Needs" published in 1970.
|
|
1969
|
|
Sixteenth James Mackenzie lecture
by Dr G K Hodgkin entitled "Behaviour – the community and the GP".
"’We in our college have gradually gained our confidence and
medical recognition by first defining and then preaching that
general practice is an academic discipline in its own right. But if
the academic status of general practice is to rise, it is necessary
to develop an active area of research in a field unique to general
practice; to be fully effective this unique field must have wide
spread interest and application. It is my thesis that the study of
human behaviour provides the general practitioner with just such a
unique and interesting field of research."
|
|
1970
|
|
Second National Morbidity
Survey starts with 57 practices covering a population of
300,000.
|
|
1970
|
|
Completion of
schizophrenia study
|
|
1971
|
|
Scottish general practice
research unit formed.
|
|
1972
|
|
Urban
mineralisation study
|
|
1972
|
|
Viral diseases in pregnancy study
|
|
1972
|
|
Medical
education research unit
|
|
1972
|
|
Obstetric
working party
|
|
1972
|
|
Meldon reservoir
study completed.
|
|
1972
|
|
Research
register discontinued
|
|
1972
|
|
Study by Scottish general
practitioners research support unit "The effect of the
first health centre in Dundee on patterns of medical
care.".
|
|
1973
|
|
Research advisor asked to convene
new research committee of WONCA
|
|
1973
|
|
Publication of second edition of
"Glossary of terms and definitions used in
research in general practice."
|
|
1973
|
|
Study on the long term effects of
influenza
|
|
1973
|
|
Pilot trials for proposed
abortion study
|
|
1974
|
|
Interim report of the
oral contraception study
|
|
1974
|
|
First report of second
morbidity study published
|
|
1974
|
|
Tonsillectomy study
|
|
1974
|
|
Bereavement
study
|
|
1974
|
|
Genetic markers
study
|
|
1974
|
|
Publication of oral
contraceptives and health
|
|
1974
|
|
Beckwith-Smith
fellowship "part time research fellowship for an
Epidemiology study of local and general features in the environment
study of local and general features in the environment which are
thought to influence the personal health of patients."
|
|
1975
|
|
Publication of first issue of
"Research Intelligence"
|
|
1975
|
|
Epidemic Observation
Unit established by Dr Grob at the University of
Surrey.
|
|
1975
|
|
Swansea research unit
established.
|
|
1976
|
|
Research and practice
organisation committee create liaison group on primary care.
|
|
1976
|
|
Manchester Research Unit start study on
HRT
|
|
1976
|
|
Scottish General Practice
research unit publish"Fatal Illness in general
practice" and "Monitoring communicable disease – a general practice
approach"
|
|
1976
|
|
Scientific Foundation
Board created out of Education and Research boards
|
|
1977
|
|
Publication of "Trends in
National Morbidity"
|
|
1977
|
|
Separation of
research from practice organisation
committee and creation of research division
executive
|
|
1977
|
|
Whooping cough
study
|
|
1977
|
|
Backache
study
|
|
1978
|
|
Home visiting
study
|
|
1978
|
|
Completion of Swansea joint
RCGP/PHLS study "Long term study of influenza in families"
|
|
1978
|
|
Completion of Swansea joint
RCGP/MRC "Study of aspirin in the prevention of myocardial
infarction"
|
|
1978
|
|
Completion of Swansea joint
RCGP/Department of Medical Sociology "Study of doctors and
their staff"
|
|
1978
|
|
Leigh Clinical Research
Unit became a College
unit. It was based at the practice of Maurice Stone, working in
Leigh, near Wigan in Lancashire. The emphasis of the work was on
analysing the risk factors for coronary heart disease and was based
on the Stones own list of 2,700 patients. Stone showed that
fibrogen was a major risk factor for heart disease. Stone died in
1988 before he was really able to develop his ideas
further.
|
|
1980
|
|
Medical Surveillance
Centre established "to offer advice
to general practitioners wishing to engage in clinical trials and
will offer specific projects to groups of general practitioners, to
university departments or to its own research units."
|
|
1981
|
|
Third morbidity
survey starts covering 1981-2 (reports Oct 1986)
|
|
1982
|
|
Publication of Ian
Watson’s "Epidemiology and Research in A General
Practice."
|
|
1982
|
|
End of recording for the third
National Morbidity Survey.
|
|
1982
|
|
Research into use of electronic
communications using British Telecom’s prestel. Fifty training
practices were given a prestel link and acted as a test group for
pilot studies into reporting of adverse drug reactions, the poisons
register and morbidity and current research abstracts.
[Prestel was a dial-up service using a modem and a
modified television set to view pages of text (and some pictures)
rather like today's Teletext. However, Prestel was an interactive
service, and was in essence an early form of Internet/ e-mail.
]
|
|
1982
|
|
Opening of new premises, by HRH
Duke of Kent, of the Epidemic observation unit at
the University of Surrey.
|
|
1982
|
|
Start of Swansea
Research "Study of the respiratory sequelae of whooping
cough".
|
|
1983
|
|
Joint working party with
Arthritis and Rheumatism
Council to explore joint areas of research and
education.
|
|
1983
|
|
Enuresis
study
|
|
1985
|
|
Scottish General Practice
Research Support Unit becomes independent of the
College.
|
| 1986 |
|
Morbidity Statistics from General Practice 1981-82
(Third Morbity Study) published |
| 1986 |
|
Publication of Tamar Faculty research report "Recording
Blood Pressue and Smoking Habits in Devon and
Cornwall" |
|
1986
|
|
Scottish Research Advisory
Committee - to provide advice
for Scottish general practitioners who wish to initiate a research
project.
|
| 1987 |
|
Appointment of Research Fellowships to
Morris Gallagher (AIDS), Stephen Iliffe (mental heatlh of carers)
and Aly Rashid (ethnic minorities in Leicester) |
|
1988
|
|
Committee on Medical Ethics report on
research use of
fetuses
|
|
1988
|
|
Closure of Swansea Research Unit
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division report evaluation of
proposed research during pregnancy and childbirth
|
| 1989 |
|
Near Patient Testing Working party convened.
There was a concern expressed by the medicla profession at the
change in emphasis from traditional laboratoy testing to the more
cost effective testing at the patient's side or near patient
testing. see 1992 for report. |
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division report on care of
diabetes - open access diabetic centres
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division report on possible zinc
deficiency disorder
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on National pro
forma of the elderly
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on urine collecting
bags for infants
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on fractured neck
of femur
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on The
Eurobarometer study and the Europe Against
Cancer Initiative
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on the usage of
audiometers
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on the law on
infectious disease control
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on diagnostic
codes
|
|
1989
|
|
Study day on coronary heart disease
|
|
1989
|
|
Clinical and research division paper on
haemoglobinopathy
|
|
1989
|
|
Terminal
Care Working Party
Report
|
|
1989
|
|
Closure of Leigh Clinical Research Unit
|
| 1989-90 |
|
Research Task Force formed |
| May 1990 |
|
Report of working party into HIV research |
|
1990
|
|
Attitudes to
Pregnancy study
published [Manchester Research Unit]
|
| June 1991 |
|
"Research - A Development Plan for the
1990's" Geoffrey Rose appointed National
Research Adviser (suceeded 1993 by Paul
Freeling); A P Hungin Appointed Regional Research
Fellow |
|
1991
|
|
Manchester Research Unit start myorcardial
research study
|
| 1991 |
|
Data gathering starts for fourth Morbidity Statistics
Survey |
| Dec 1991 |
|
Scottish Council in conjuntion with Cancer Relief MacMillan
Fund and Clinical Resource, and the Audit Group of the Scottish
Office appoint Dr David Millar and David Carroll to run
Scottish Palliative Care Facilitators Project |
|
November
1992
|
|
"New Horizons"conference held at Regents
College - topics included seamless care, complementary medicine,
research in general practice, nurse practitioners, stress and
prevention of coronary heart disease. This was the largest ever
primary care research meeting to be held in the UK with over 300
participants.
|
| 1992 |
|
Report of the Near Patient Testing Working
Party |
| 1992 |
|
"Research In General Practice: A Policy
Statement" and "Research in General Practice - A
Policy for the 90's" [Clinical and Research Division Policy
papers]
|
|
1992
|
|
HIV/Aids working party set up to development clinical information
book for general practitioners
|
|
1992
|
|
Appointment of Faculty Research Facilitator
[Anthony Evans, South West Wales Faculty]
|
|
1993
|
|
Manchester Research
Unit Asthma
study
|
|
1993
|
|
Publication of a General Practice database to Pharmaco
Epidemiology [Occasional Paper 62] by the Birmingham
Research Unit. This paper discusses how to capture morbidity
and prescribing data in order to investigate post marketing
surveillance.
|
|
1993
|
|
European Prospective Investigation of Cancer
(EPIC)
|
|
1993
|
|
Manchester Research
Unit moved to Parkway
House
|
|
March
1993
|
|
Council restructured to form four networks, Quality, Services,
Education and Research.
|
|
1993
|
|
Paul Freeling appointed National Research
Advisor
|
|
1993
|
|
Dr Pali Hungin (Regional Research Fellow) established the
Northern Research Network - a co-operative for practice based
researchers in the region
|
|
1994
|
|
Research Coordinating Group
|
| 1994 |
|
Publication of "A History of Research in General
Practice in Wales 1952-1992" by R C
Humphries published by Welsh Council |
|
1994
|
|
Evidence to House of Lords
Select Committee on Science and
Technologyon medical
research and the NHS Reforms - the evidence recommended that
general practice should receive highest priority of research
development, NHS should fund research training fellowships for
general practice trainees in each region, NHS funding research
training places for established GP principals, NHS-funded research
general practices should be established in all regions, that Chairs
in General Practice should be established at both Oxford and
Cambridge Universities
|
|
March
1994
|
|
Epidemiology in Country
Practice by William Pickles,
first published in 1939 was re-printed by College.
|
|
June 1994
|
|
Research and General
Practice published jointly
with COAGP [Conference of Academic Organisations in General
Practice]
|
|
September 1994
|
|
Retirement of Clifford Kay from Manchester Research
Unit, succeeded by Philip Hannaford
|
| Sep 1994 |
|
Research General Practices awarded to Jim Cox
(Cumbria Faculty) and Andrew Farmer (Thames Valley Faculty)
|
|
September 1994
|
|
Jonathan Graffy and John Middleton awarded Research
Training Fellowships |
|
1995
|
|
First RCGP/BUPA Joint Research Training
Fellowship awarded to Dr Robert Walton for research into
the development of a computer system for giving advice on
prescribing drugs.
|
|
1995
|
|
Fourth morbidity survey
published. The survey was based upon 468000 person years
at risk and involved 241 general practitioners principals working
in 60 practices.
|
|
Dec 1996
|
|
Boots Research Paper of the Year Prize launched
|
|
July 1997
|
|
Re-opening of refurbished Birmingham Research
Unit
|
|
28 Nov
1997
|
|
Joint RCGP/AUDGP [Association of University Departments of
General Practice] Seminar on Research & Development in
the NHS: Assessing Culyer Funding for Primary Care R &
D.
|
|
1998
|
|
Research Intelligence
database of current research in primary
care
|
|
1998
|
|
Obesity
Steering Group set up to develop a protocol
for a study to determine the practicalities of implementing obesity
guidelines in primary care. It is a collaborative effort between
the College and the Rowett Research Institute in Aberdeen, together
with representatives from the Royal College of Physicians, the
Royal College of Nursing, the National Primary Care Facilitation
Programme.
|
|
13 Nov
1998
|
|
An Introduction to Qualitative Methods for
Health Professionals - Research Master Class
|
| 16 June 1999 |
|
Academic Career Pathways in General Practice
and Primary Care Seminar organised by Research Group
|
| 22 June 1999 |
|
"Shaping the Future: A Primary Care Research Strategy for
Scotland" dawn up by Scottish Academic Forum of General
Practice
|
|
7th October 1999
|
|
Patient
Participant Ethical
Considerations in
Primary Care Research Conference
|
|
2000
|
|
Research group red and white booklet published "Undertaking
Higher Research Degrees: Some Practical Guidance"
|
|
16th Feb
2000
|
|
Research
Master class 7: Issues in Primary Care
Epidemiology
|
|
5th April
2000
|
|
Assessment of Primary Care Research: Past,
Present and Future conference
|
| 10th May 2000 |
|
Health Informatics and Primary Care Research
conference |
|
June 2000
|
|
"Randomised Controlled Trials and Multi- Centre-
Research" ; “The Use and Design of Questionnaires”
and Statistical Concepts” Research masterclass
workbooks published.
|
|
21st June 2000
|
|
Research Group
Conference "2000 and On Funding for Primary
Care R & D and the Primary Care Research Agenda for the
Future"
|
|
October 2000
|
|
"Statistical Concepts"a research master class workbook
published. This book won a commended prize in the BMA Medical Book
of the year competition.
|
|
April 2001
|
|
Centre for Primary Care Research and Epidemiology based at
Aberdeen University (formally Manchester
Research Unit) renamed RCGP Primary Care Databases for
Primary Care Epidemiology at the University of
Aberdeen
|
|
June 2001
|
|
Research
Group Conference on
Research into Inequalities in Healthcare
|
|
Sep 2001
|
|
Launch of pilot project and CD-Rom of Computer Assisted
Learning [CAL] for Primary Care Research.
The aims of the project were to provide a training and
educational resource for primary care researchers; develop a
comprehensive course focusing both on understanding and doing
research and to utilise new technologies to develop an accessible,
easy-to-use product. The material contained on the pilot CD
Rom was based on the content of the RCGP Research Group’s Master
Class on Randomised Controlled Trials and Multi-Centre Research of
June 2000
|
|
2002
|
|
Publication of Primary Care
Research Team Assessment (PCRTA) - development and
evaluation [Occasional Paper No. 81] by Yvonne Carter, Sara Shaw,
Fraser Macfarlane
|
| 21 May 2002 |
|
RCGP Research Symposium Primary Care R & D for the
Twenty First Century - Looking to the Future (includes
Resaerch paper of the Year)
|
| 16 Jul 2002 |
|
New Master Class in Primary Care Research Workbook
“Health Informatics” |
|
Oct 2002
|
|
Publication of "Evidence into Action: Changing
Practice in Primary Care" by Jane Hughes,
Charlotte Humphrey, Stephen Rogers, Trisha Greenhalgh
[Occasional Paper 84] This paper described a group
of five projects aimed at promoting the use of research evidence in
primary care, which were established in the late 1990s. Each
project was intended to develop, introduce and evaluate a different
approach to facilitating better use of evidence within a primary
care setting.
|
| 11 June 2003 |
|
RCGP Research Group: Research Paper of the Year Seminar
"The Third Dimension: towards best practice in user
involvement in primary care research"
Winners Francesco Cappuccio, Pippa Oakshott,
Pasquale Strazzullo and Sally Kelly "Applicaiton of Framingham risk
estimates to ethnic minorities in the UK and implications for
primary prevention of heart disease in general practice: cross
sectional population based study"
|
| 23 March 2004 |
|
Clinical Research in 2004 ... Are You Ready?
joint conference with ICR
|
| 25 May 2004 |
|
RCGP Research Group: Research Paper of the Year Seminar
"Bridging the Gap between Research and
Practice"
|
| April 2005 |
|
RCGP Curriculum Statement 3.6 Research and
Academic Activity [updated Feb 2006] by Dr Steve Ball,
Professor Nigel Mathers, Professor Steve Field and Professor Pat
Lane
|
| 19 May 2005 |
|
RCGP Research Group: Research Paper of the Year Seminar
"Primary Care Research: Its Place in the
Future"
|
|
Oct 2005
|
|
Publication of Masterclasses in Primary Care Research
Workbook 9 Health Economics
|
| June 2006 |
|
10th Anniversary Research Paper of the Year
Awards to
Rose P, Harnden A, Brueggermann A, Perera R,
Sheikh A, Crook D and Mant D. “Chloramphenicol treatment for
acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: a
randomised double-blind placebo controlled-trial”. Lancet,
July 2005.
Lester H, Tritter J and Sorohan H.
“Patients’ and health professionals’ views on primary care for
people with serious mental illness: focus group study.
British Medical Journal, April 2005.
|
| Sep 2006 |
|
Inaugural Discovery Prize awarded to Julian
Tudor Hart |
| Oct 2007 |
|
Launch of Clinical Innovation and
Research Centre [CIRC]
|